初中英语语法知识点
初中英语语法知识点：形容词和副词
1、 形容词的基本用法
形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：
冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：
the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、 形容词比较等级的形式
(1) 规则形式
一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级;其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2) 不规则形式
good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most little-less-least
(3) 形容词比较等级的用法
①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in) …"如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④ 越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。
⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.那一天是最令我担心的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。
⑦ My English is no better than yours.我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。
B.副词
1、 副词的种类
(1) 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
(2) 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
(3) 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
(4) 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、 副词比较等级的用法
其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、 某些副词在用法上的区别
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句;still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：
He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
初中英语语法知识点：介词
1、 介词和种类
(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、 介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系
(1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、 介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例
(1) at, on, in
表时间
表示时间点，某一时刻/年龄用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight, at the age of等;表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时如on Monday, on the end of November等。
in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时) in the morning/afternoon /evening, in spring /in 2007/in March, in the twenty-first century, in his fifties。
表地点:
1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置
at the station at the cinema
2)in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.
in China in the classroom
3)on 指在某物体的表面上.
on the desk
注意: 写街道时,若有门牌号用at ,否则用on / in 都可.
He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street.
(2) between, among(表位置)
between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：
He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4) in the tree, on the tree
on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.
There are some apples _____ the tree .
There is a boy ____ the tree
(5) on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法
(6) in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外
(7) in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8) by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车
(9) 介词in /on / to 表方位:
in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系)
Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .
on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)
Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .
to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)
Japan is _____ the east of China .
(10) after / in 在……之后
after
1)after + 时间段. 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去时.
2)after 作介词. after doing sth
in +一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.
He came back ______ two days .
He will go home___finishing his homework .
He will come back _____ two days .
(11) with / in / by 表示 “用……”
with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .
注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.
Can you say it _____English ?
He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法
I study for a test _____ working with a group .
He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .
注意: 同义词组
1).by phone = on the phone
2).by car = in a car
3).in pen = with a pen = with pens
(12) across / through / over / by 经过
across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.
through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.
over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.
by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.
Can you swim ______ the river ?
The elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .
I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.
I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .
(13) in front of / in the front of
in the front of 表示在…….内部的前面
in front of 表示在……外面的前面
There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .
There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.
(14) .其它介词的用法：
1.at的其它用法.
1).表示 “从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词.
She is at work now = She is working now .
2)at表示 “价格或速度”
The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .
2.in的其它用法:
1)in表示 “在……方面”
词组:do well in = be good at
be weak in
2)in 表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.
词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服
3)in作副词, “在家” = at home
3.like 的用法:
1).像/和……一样. 常与系动词连用.
词组: look like sound like
2).与what 连用, “是什么样子, 怎样”.
What is he like ? He is kind .
4.off的用法:
1).从……下来, 脱离某物体.
词组: fall off
2). “休假”通常放在时间名词之后.
词组: have +时间+ off
He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .
5.except / besides
1).except 除了…….之外, 都……. . 不包括在范围之内.
注: nothing but … 除了……之外,什么也没有.
2).besdies除了……之外,还有…… . 包括在范围之内.
We all went swimming ______ Lucy .
There is _______ a letter in the box .
We study Japanese and French____ English .
6.with / without
1).with具有,含有 -----反义词: without 没有
词组: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to
without one’s help
2).without 的用法:
A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物
B).without + doing sth .
He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us
C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句.
If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .
7.since / for
注: since / for 用于现在完成时.
1).since :
a).since +时间点
b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时
c).since +一段时间+ ago.
2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago
8.be made +介词的区别:
be made of 由…制成 (看得见原材料)
be made from由…制成 (看不见原材料)
be made in +地点 由哪儿生产
be made by sb. 由某人制造
9.表示 “数量的介词”
about , round around over
1). about , round around表示 “大约……”
2).over 表示 “超过”= more than.
10.inside / outside
Inside 在……里面 ------反义词:outside在….外面
11.in the wall /on the wall
in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”
12. 不用介词的情况:
1).当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词.
What are you going to do tonight ?
2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语.
He went to Wuhan last week .
3).以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词.
He has worked all day .
4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词
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